What is the difference between simple and compound interest?

Simple interest is paid only on the amount you started with, so it grows in a straight line. Compound interest is paid on your principal plus any interest already earned, so it grows faster over time: £10,000 at 5% for 10 years reaches £15,000 with simple interest but £16,288.95 with interest compounded yearly.

AER stands for Annual Equivalent Rate. It's a standardised figure UK banks quote so you can compare accounts that compound at different frequencies (daily, monthly, yearly) on equal terms, as if each compounded once a year.

How often do UK savings accounts compound?

It varies by provider and account type: easy access accounts often compound monthly or daily, while fixed-rate bonds and notice accounts more often compound annually. The AER is the easiest way to compare them without working out the compounding schedule yourself.

Is compound interest taxed in the UK?

Interest earned outside an ISA counts towards your Personal Savings Allowance, which for 2025/26 is £1,000 for basic rate taxpayers, £500 for higher rate taxpayers, and £0 for additional rate taxpayers; interest above that is taxable. Interest earned inside a cash ISA is tax free. These figures are current for the 2025/26 tax year and can change.

What fee should I enter for an investment?

Add your platform's annual account charge to the ongoing charge figure (OCF) of the fund or funds you hold, both as a percentage of the balance. If your platform charges a flat monthly fee instead, divide the yearly total by your expected average balance to turn it into a rough percentage. The number is in your provider's key information document or fee schedule.

Why does the fee cost more than the fees paid?

Every pound taken in fees would otherwise have stayed invested and kept compounding. 'Fees paid' is the cash actually charged; the 'cost you' figure compares your final balance with the same plan at 0% fees, so it includes the growth that money would have earned.

Should I look at the nominal balance or today's money?

Both are true, they answer different questions. The nominal balance is what the statement will say; today's money is what that balance would buy at current prices. For a goal set in today's terms, such as a house deposit or a yearly retirement income, compare against the today's-money figure.

What is the rule of 72?

Divide 72 by your annual interest rate to estimate how many years it takes a lump sum to double, with no further contributions. At 6%, that's 72 ÷ 6 = 12 years; running £10,000 at 6% compounded yearly for 12 years in this calculator gives £20,121.96, close enough for a rough estimate.

Compound Interest Calculator

Watch savings and investments grow with compounding, regular contributions, and a year-by-year chart.

Your plan

Initial deposit

Monthly contribution

Contributions are added at the start of each month and start earning interest straight away.

Annual interest rate

Time to grow

yrs

Compounding

Investing extras

Yearly increase

Applied at the start of each year after the first, like a pay rise feeding through to what you invest.

Annual charge

Platform fee plus the fund's ongoing charge (OCF), taken monthly from the balance. A cheap index tracker on a flat-fee platform is around 0.2%; an actively managed fund can be 1% or more.

Assumed inflation

Doesn't change what the pot is worth on paper, only what it would buy. The Bank of England targets 2%.

Balance after 20 years

£171,379

earning 7% compounded monthly

Total contributed

£70,000

Interest earned

£101,379

Initial deposit£10,0005.8%

Contributions£60,00035.0%

Interest£101,37959.2%

Growth over time

Balance

Contributed

Balance after 20y£171,379

This compound interest calculator shows how a lump sum, plus a regular monthly contribution, grows once interest starts earning interest on itself. Set an initial deposit, a monthly amount, a rate and a term, and it plots the balance year by year so you can see how much is your own money versus growth.

For investments, open the extras to raise your contribution each year, take off platform and fund fees, and see the result in today's money after inflation.

Use it to sanity-check a savings goal or compare what happens at different rates and contribution levels over time.

How compound interest is calculated

The classic compound interest formula is A = P x (1 + r/n)^(n x t). Here A is the final balance, P is your initial deposit (the principal), r is the annual interest rate written as a decimal (7% becomes 0.07), n is how many times per year interest compounds, and t is the number of years.

That formula assumes a single lump sum with no further deposits. This calculator also handles regular monthly contributions: each contribution is added at the start of the month, so it starts earning interest straight away, and interest is then applied at whichever compounding frequency you've chosen. Because of that, the calculator works through the plan month by month rather than plugging numbers into the formula once.

Compounding frequency: does it matter?

It matters less than people expect, at least at typical savings rates. Take £10,000 with no further contributions, growing at 5% a year for 10 years. Compounded monthly it grows to £16,470.09; compounded yearly it grows to £16,288.95, a difference of only about £181 over a decade.

The frequency shifts the result at the margins, but your interest rate, how much you contribute, and how long you leave it invested do far more of the work. Don't chase a monthly-compounding account over a yearly one if the underlying rate is lower; check the AER instead (more on that below).

Why starting early matters

Time in the market, or time in a savings account, is one of the biggest levers you have. Contributing £200 a month at 7%, compounded monthly, from age 25 to 65 (40 years) with no starting balance grows to £528,024.96. Start the same plan 10 years later, at 35, and you only get 30 years, ending at £245,417.50.

The extra 10 years of contributions is £24,000 (£96,000 paid in versus £72,000), but the final balance is £282,607.46 higher. Almost all of that gap is compounding on money that's had longer to grow, not extra money paid in.

Using this for ISAs, savings accounts and investments

For savings accounts, look at the AER (Annual Equivalent Rate) rather than the headline rate: it restates the compounding frequency as if it compounded once a year, so you can compare accounts fairly. Plug the AER into this calculator's rate field for a like-for-like estimate.

A cash ISA works the same way as a savings account, just without the tax question. For a stocks and shares ISA or any investment account, remember the rate is a fixed assumption: real returns are not guaranteed and can fall as well as rise. Treat the output as a projection, not a promise.

Fees: small percentages, big money

Investment fees come in two layers: the platform (the broker or ISA provider) charges for holding your account, and each fund charges an ongoing charge figure (OCF) for running it. Both are quoted as a percentage of your balance per year, and both come out of the pot whether or not it grew. Enter the two added together in the Fees extra; the calculator takes a twelfth of it off the balance every month.

The damage is bigger than the headline number because the money taken in fees would have kept compounding. On the default plan (£10,000 plus £250 a month at 7% for 20 years) a 0.75% charge takes £10,183.46 in fees but leaves the pot £17,067.80 smaller, at £154,310.94 instead of £171,378.74. At 1.5% the fees are £19,015.10 and the pot is £32,171.34 smaller. The calculator shows both figures so you can see the full cost.

Rough UK reference points: a global index tracker costs around 0.1% to 0.2%, flat-fee platforms work out well under 0.1% on larger pots while percentage-fee platforms charge 0.15% to 0.45%, and actively managed funds are often 0.75% to 1%+. Check your own provider's documents rather than relying on these.

Raising contributions each year

Most people don't invest the same amount for 20 years; contributions tend to rise with pay. The 'Raise contributions each year' extra increases the monthly amount by a fixed percentage at the start of each new year. Raising the default £250 a month by 3% a year means paying £438.38 a month by year 20, £90,611.12 in total instead of £70,000, and the pot grows to £204,902.47 instead of £171,378.74.

A 3% rise is roughly in line with long-run wage growth, so it also happens to keep your contribution steady in real terms if inflation runs near its target.

Inflation and today's money

A balance 20 years away won't buy what the same figure buys now. The Inflation extra deflates each year's balance by your assumed rate, so you can see what the pot would be worth in today's money. At 2.5% inflation the default plan's £171,378.74 is worth about £104,587.46 in today's terms. Nothing about the nominal result changes; it's the same pot, measured in a steadier unit.

The Bank of England targets 2% CPI inflation. If you'd rather use what inflation has actually been over a period, this site's Inflation Calculator shows the UK record back to 1800.

What this calculator doesn't include

This tool deliberately leaves some things out, to keep the maths transparent:

Tax on interest or investment growth outside an ISA or your allowances
Interest rates or returns changing over the term: it assumes one fixed rate throughout, with none of the ups and downs real investments have
Dealing charges, bid-offer spreads or fund entry fees: only ongoing percentage charges are modelled
Pausing or withdrawing: contributions run every month for the whole term

Worked example

Set an initial deposit of £10,000, a monthly contribution of £250, an annual rate of 7%, monthly compounding, and a term of 20 years. Over that period you pay in £70,000 in total (the £10,000 initial deposit plus £250 a month for 240 months), and the balance grows to £171,378.74.

That means £101,378.74 of the final balance is interest, roughly 59% of the total. Try the same numbers over 10 or 30 years to see how much of that growth is concentrated in the later years.

Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between simple and compound interest?: Simple interest is paid only on the amount you started with, so it grows in a straight line. Compound interest is paid on your principal plus any interest already earned, so it grows faster over time: £10,000 at 5% for 10 years reaches £15,000 with simple interest but £16,288.95 with interest compounded yearly.
What does AER mean?: AER stands for Annual Equivalent Rate. It's a standardised figure UK banks quote so you can compare accounts that compound at different frequencies (daily, monthly, yearly) on equal terms, as if each compounded once a year.
How often do UK savings accounts compound?: It varies by provider and account type: easy access accounts often compound monthly or daily, while fixed-rate bonds and notice accounts more often compound annually. The AER is the easiest way to compare them without working out the compounding schedule yourself.
Is compound interest taxed in the UK?: Interest earned outside an ISA counts towards your Personal Savings Allowance, which for 2025/26 is £1,000 for basic rate taxpayers, £500 for higher rate taxpayers, and £0 for additional rate taxpayers; interest above that is taxable. Interest earned inside a cash ISA is tax free. These figures are current for the 2025/26 tax year and can change.
What fee should I enter for an investment?: Add your platform's annual account charge to the ongoing charge figure (OCF) of the fund or funds you hold, both as a percentage of the balance. If your platform charges a flat monthly fee instead, divide the yearly total by your expected average balance to turn it into a rough percentage. The number is in your provider's key information document or fee schedule.
Why does the fee cost more than the fees paid?: Every pound taken in fees would otherwise have stayed invested and kept compounding. 'Fees paid' is the cash actually charged; the 'cost you' figure compares your final balance with the same plan at 0% fees, so it includes the growth that money would have earned.
Should I look at the nominal balance or today's money?: Both are true, they answer different questions. The nominal balance is what the statement will say; today's money is what that balance would buy at current prices. For a goal set in today's terms, such as a house deposit or a yearly retirement income, compare against the today's-money figure.
What is the rule of 72?: Divide 72 by your annual interest rate to estimate how many years it takes a lump sum to double, with no further contributions. At 6%, that's 72 ÷ 6 = 12 years; running £10,000 at 6% compounded yearly for 12 years in this calculator gives £20,121.96, close enough for a rough estimate.